2D materials refer to novel nanomaterials with thicknesses of a single atom or a few atomic layers. Their most representative example is graphene, which also includes transition metal dichalcogenides (e.g., MoS₂), black phosphorus (BP), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), MXene, and 2D transition metal carbides/nitrides‌. These materials exhibit broad application prospects across multiple fields due to their unique physical, chemical, and electronic properties.